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The Cultured Chimpanzee: Reflections on Cultural Primatology

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Review

"This is an accessible, balanced, and insightful text. Highly recommended." CHOICE June 2005"...McGrew makes his case deftly, and his ideas are intellectually stimulating." American Scientist, Michelle Merrill"After 30 years of studying chimpanzees in their African habitats, McGrew is the right author for this highly readable update. He writes from first-hand knowledge of many of the behaviors he describes, and his love for the subject is apparent from the first page. The book is written in a very accessible, conversational style, with few technical terms and no statistical data...It is an honest personal view of cultural primatology, and it is an interesting read." - American Journal of Human Biology"[the author] creates a unique framework for drawing scattered data together, there by clarifying what is known and what is not yet known. His logic and his trains of thought are extremely clear. The text is simple to follow, even for non-English readers, and yet the messages are stimulating, heuristic and reach deep into the heart of the matter ... McGrew's Chimpanzee Material Culture (1992) is already recognized as one of primatology's classic textbooks and this 2004 follow-up should receive similarly wide attention and become another milestone in the study of the evolutionary basis of human culture." - Nature"One of the attractive features of this book, as was true of the earlier volume by the same author (McGrew, 1992), is its comprehensive coverage of related studies. ... This book provides a wide range of references related to cultural primatology, and although this book is about chimpanzee cultures, McGrew also reviews the behavioural diversities and social learning of fish, birds, mammals, cetaceans, capuchin monkeys, macaques, and other great apes in Chapters 4 and 5. It serves as a handy textbook for discovering the frontier studies into animal culture and related areas. ... Easily the most important factor is that one needs to know chimpanzees well in order to protect them. McGrew, without doubt, is one of the most knowledgeable." - Primates"... the review of various chimpanzee behaviours and differences between populations was very interesting. ... I enjoyed this book and found it informative and thought provoking. It should appeal not just to primatologists, but also to members of those disciplines ... for whom the study of chimpanzee culture would be of interest." - Primate Eye"This book is particularly interesting for those working in anthropology, zoology, archaeology and psychology." - Biologist

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Book Description

The Cultured Chimpanzee explores the astonishing variation in chimpanzee behaviour and shows that it more closely resembles cultural variety in humans than the simpler behaviour of other animal species. This stimulating book shows that cultural primatology may therefore help us to reconstruct the cultural evolution of Homo sapiens from earlier forms including pre-humans. It will be a significant milestone in the development of this exciting field and will be essential reading for all anthropologists, archaeologists and zoologists interested in the cultural evolution of both humans and other primates.

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Product details

Paperback: 262 pages

Publisher: Cambridge University Press; 1 edition (November 22, 2004)

Language: English

ISBN-10: 0521535433

ISBN-13: 978-0521535434

Product Dimensions:

6 x 0.6 x 9 inches

Shipping Weight: 1.1 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)

Average Customer Review:

5.0 out of 5 stars

1 customer review

Amazon Best Sellers Rank:

#1,502,148 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

How do we define "culture"? By location? Religion? Eating habits? Settling on any one or even a few elements makes it easy to limit culture to human beings alone. Many cultural anthropologists steadfastly keep to those bounds. McGrew argues strongly that such narrow constraints confine our thinking. His view of culture is defined as: "The way we do things". That would seem to open to almost infinite possibilities. For some, that has been the case - one researcher even sweeping pet guppies into the net. McGrew, however, is more concerned with ensuring culture takes other primates into account. In particular, he wants our nearest cousins, the chimpanzees, included in the rubric. In this finely-conceived overview, he skillfully builds a case for showing culture exists in chimpanzee society.McGrew's long career of primate research in the field granted him wide experience and many insights. The insights derived in some cases from surprises. His own observations in Gombe, Tanzania, were jarred by a visit to Mahale. No chimps in Gombe ever engaged in mutual grooming the way they did at Mahale. The Japanese team at Mahale assumed all chimpanzees did the "grooming hand-clasp", but McGrew explained it was otherwise. The event marked a major step in understanding that the usual human idea of The Chimpazee as a universal is false. Chimps have practices that vary in different places. In western Africa they will shatter hard food nuts with stone or branch hammers. Eastern chimpanzees "fish" for ants and termites with twigs, but don't pound readily available nuts. Some chimps apparently fear immersion in water, while others will plunge in up to their chests. Yet, what we know of these variations in behaviour and why it exists remains only initial awareness. McGrew calls for further research using clear parameters.Recognising that "the way we do things" is but a way to expand our outlook to include other primates, McGrew offers a set of terms for clarification. Noting that culture studies must weave in several disciplines from anthropology to zoology, he indicates which contributions each can provide. More importantly, he suggests that cross-disciplinary research will not only help clarify what culture means, the effort would certainly further the insights in the various fields. An indication of this is found in the book's structure, which deals less about "the way chimpanzees do things" and asks more about where new data should be sought. "Speech", for example, which most humans declare sets us apart from the rest of the animal kingdom, has almost been ignored as a research topic in primatology.McGrew avoids a strict definition of "culture". Instead, he skirts that issue, urging that "operational" values be used - is the suggested definition subject to investigation and/or testing and be reliably verifiable? Content is more important than labels, since labels produce constraints. Having been in many an academic skirmish, McGrew has no hesitation about accepting preliminary results in the new field he proposes. There's much to be done and while debate over terminology rages, chimpanzees are being habituated to humans, which changes their behaviour and may lead to their extinction. Part of that debate, he contends, takes up too much time and effort in how far "culture" can be extended. When guppy females show preference for victorious fighting males, is it necessary to argue over whether that signifies culture? Conversely, some have tried to limit "culture" to our high-tech society. Yet, that proposal fails when we examine the range of human societies. Such comparison with primate cultures is even less valid.McGrew's plea for an expansion of the idea of culture is dramatically synthesised in his final chapter. "Standard" science cannot be practiced on chimpanzees. As he's already demonstrated, there are geographical distinctions in some chimp social behaviour. Relocating large groups of chimpanzees to determine if these differences are environmental, imparted or genetic is both impractical and unethical. Future studies, he urges, should be experimental and opportunistic in method. Strict controls are impossible, but the cross-disciplinary approach should make up for that condition. The first teams might well be palaeoanthropologists and cultural primatologists. Fossil hunters could teach field researchers in primatology much. Of course, McGrew's colleagues must be willing to learn. Which is one reason why he wrote this book. The other reason is that human beings must shed their conceit that only our species can possess culture. Discarding that prejudice will aid in awakening our impact on the rest of Nature, as well. [stephen a. haines - Ottawa, Canada]

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